The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% Their crews ranged from 500 to more than 1,000 men. "The Maginot Line fit perfectly with this kind of thinking.". The petits ouvrages were generally made up of several infantry bunkers, connected by a tunnel network with attached underground facilities, such as barracks, electric generators, ventilation systems, mess halls, infirmaries and supply caches. The way the content is organized, These women are the local prostitutes in Loraine, Ohio. Narrow Gauge Railway System: A network of 600mm (.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}1ft11+58in) narrow gauge railways was built to rearm and resupply the main fortresses (ouvrages) from supply depots up to 50km (31mi) away. His mother vanishes, and his father had already skipped town before Cholly was born. Sometimes it can end up there. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. Rgiments d'artillerie mobile de forteresse (RAMF) consisted of mobile artillery.[11]. 10. Claudias father, who works hard to keep the familyfed and clothed. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. [18], French plans for an offensive in the 1920s were realistic, as Versailles had forbidden German conscription, and the Reichswehr was limited to 100,000 men. But it was too late to reorganize the entire French military in a matter of months. The MacTeers boarder, who has a reputation for being a steady worker and a quiet man. Because no human looks at her, she cannot conceive of her own worth and eventually loses the ability to maintain her own basic sense of identitySoaphead Church's use of Pecola for his own ends is the final step in the unraveling of her sanity. The line included the following retractable turrets. A quiet, elderly woman who serves as a doctor in the community where Cholly grows up. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. These outposts covered the main passages within the principal line. [18] French decision-makers knew that the victory of 1918 had been achieved because the British Empire and the United States were allies in the war and that the French would have been defeated on their own. Those feelings are gone now, and she thinks less and less about them. The girls walk all the way to the rich part of town where Mrs. Breedlove works. [23] Germany had the largest economy in Europe but lacked many of the raw materials necessary for a modern industrial economy (making the Reich vulnerable to a blockade) and the ability to feed its population. Mr. MacTeer: Claudia's father, Mr. MacTeer, is not present often in the book. The narrative then moves to the current story-line. Soaphead Church is self-deluding, unhappy, and megalomaniacal. Miss Marie is overweight and kind, China read analysis of China, Poland, and Miss Marie Maureen Peal Look up his videos for some good strategy. France's birth rate had actually been declining since the end of the Napoleonic Wars. The girl is the daughter of the family that employs Breedlove as a servant. The Maginot Line, an array of defenses that France built along its border with Germany in the 1930s, was designed to prevent an invasion. The Maginot Line is a historic meme, a shrine to the failure of fixed defenses in the age of tanks and planes. In contrast, Pecola spills blackish blueberries all over the floor, underlining the connection between blackness and mess. The third person narrator points out that for the cavity to have grown, the conditions for it to fester must have been in placea clear metaphor for the social forces that have trapped Pauline in a hard and joyless life. As the line was surrounded, the German Army attacked a few ouvrages from the rear but was unsuccessful in capturing any significant fortifications. She asks where "Polly" is, something that infuriates Claudia because even Pecola calls her own mother "Mrs. Maginot was another veteran of World War I; he became the French Minister of Veteran Affairs and then Minister of War (19281932). The last line of defense was the Maginot Line's massive ouvrages, each large enough to hold 500 to 1,000 permanent troops. After that, her marriage with Cholly deteriorates rapidly. Want 100 or more? Heavy rail artillery was hauled by locomotives to planned locations to support the emplaced artillery in the fortresses, which was intentionally limited in range to 1012km (67mi). Struggling with distance learning? Their purpose was to locate the enemy, direct and correct the indirect fire of artillery, and report on the progress and position of critical enemy units. They were also accommodated in complexes of wooden housing adjacent to each fortress, which were more comfortable than living inside, but were not expected to survive wartime bombardment. How did this happen? The thinness of her companions is then connected to whisky (again based on something that they have heard their mother say, but which they misunderstood), and so they undertake a quest to procure whisky for Frieda. The World War II German invasion plan of 1940 (Sichelschnitt) was designed to deal with the line. Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. French decision-makers believed they needed Britain's help to win another war; the French could only go so far with alienating the British. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. Pecolas father, who is impulsive and violentfree, but in a dangerous way. What does it communicate about the Breedlove household? This section is arguably the most successful part of the novel. France quickly extended the Maginot Line along the Franco-Belgian border, but not to the standard of the rest of the line. By the time the Germans crossed into French soil through Belgium, the fight was all but over. During the advance to the English Channel, the Germans overran France's border defence with Belgium and several Maginot Forts in the Maubeuge area whilst the Luftwaffe simply flew over it. A period of sustained Francophobia broke out in Britain, with Poincar being vilified in Britain as a cruel bully punishing Germany with unreasonable reparations demands. The Maginot Line was the brainchild of Marshal Joseph Joffre, a French WWI general, but it was hardly a new idea. "Maginot Line" has acquired a secondary meaning: a defensive barrier or strategy that inspires a false sense of security, according to Merriam-Webster. These colossal concrete "works" packed heavy firepower and were connected to nearby stations by underground rail lines to shuttle men, weapons and supplies. The elephant in the rhyme is said to be a reference to the original Republicans, party of Abraham Lincoln and abolitionism, jumping the fence, or crossing the Mason-Dixon Line, to help free the slaves. The MacTeer family does not have light eyes. Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovi-Potonik, A. and Lang, P. This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 20:42. To put this geography into perspective, Germany is not much bigger than the state of Wisconsin. Claudias mother, an authoritarian and sometimes callous woman who nonetheless steadfastly loves and protects her children. The moment is painfully evoked: "There I was five months pregnant, trying to look like Jean Harlow, and a front tooth gone. Somewhat like "line in the sand" it is also used in non-military situations, as in "Reagan's budgetary Maginot Line."[56]. Continue to start your free trial. [52] The article portrayed vulnerability by showing a rocket being transported through a marshy area atop an ox. As a young boy, Cholly has a great friend in old Blue Jack, an older black man who works at the feed store. This section, like the sections on Pauline and Cholly, shows a preoccupation with geneology and ancestry. Breedlove. The girls admire her light skin and social status, and they are jealous of both. France lost about 1.4 million dead and 4.2 million wounded, while . The enemy's position would be communicated to a cluster of 78 fire control stations that coordinated the French defense from hilltop outposts. Subscribe now. With the advent of French nuclear weapons in the early 1960s, the line became an expensive anachronism. Look like I just didn't care no more after that. Its construction created a false sense of security, which was widely believed by the French population. But when Hitler and the Nazis rose to power in the early 1930s, they quickly backed out of the Treaty of Versailles and began equipping for a much different kind of war. She reacts to the little white girl by soothing her, by promising to replace the cobbler, which shows both her own servitude and her preference for the white child over her own daughter. Cloches are non-retractable turrets. The fortifications did not extend through the Ardennes Forest (which was believed to be impenetrable by Commander-in-Chief Maurice Gamelin) or along France's border with Belgium because the two countries had signed an alliance in 1920, by which the French army would operate in Belgium if the German forces invaded. It was preceded by anti-tank obstacles made of metal rails planted vertically in six rows, with heights varying from 0.701.40 metres (2ft 4in 4ft 7in) and buried to a depth of 2m (6ft 7in). As a mature women, she has a different understanding of the word from that of the innocent girls, which makes it more painful and triggers her violent reaction. [50] Kaufmann and Kaufmann point to the Maginot Line along the Italian border, which "demonstrated the effectiveness of the fortifications when properly employed".[51]. The Maginot Line tells them Pecola is at her mother's workplace, explaining that Mrs. . Border Post line: This consisted of blockhouses and strong houses, which were often camouflaged as inoffensive residential homes, built within a few metres of the border and manned by troops to give the alarm in the event of a surprise attack and to delay enemy tanks with prepared explosives and barricades. Safety Quarters were built near the major fortifications so fortress (ouvrage) crews could reach their battle stations in the shortest possible time in the event of a surprise attack during peacetime. "That's just what the French did," says Kirchubel. They live above the Breedlove apartment and befriend Pecola. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. Mrs. Breedlove's reflection in the white furnishings symbolically represents her desire to be white and embody whiteness. They also misinterpret Mrs. MacTeer's words and attempt to avert Frieda's "ruin," misunderstanding the words of adults. Breedlove. From upstairs, the little girl calls for Polly, and Pecola accidentally pulls a freshly baked berry cobbler off the counter. The guerre de longue dure strategy called for the French to halt the expected German offensive meant to give the Reich a swift victory; afterwards, there would be an attrition struggle; once the Germans were exhausted, France would begin an offensive to win the war. The line was built in several phases from 1930 by the Service Technique du Gnie (STG), overseen by Commission d'Organisation des Rgions Fortifies (CORF). Humiliated but also powerless, Cholly keeps at it until the hunters grow bored and leave. She takes care of the Fishers better than her own family, and there is a strange parallel between her care of the Fishers' daughter and the care of blonde dolls described by Claudia earlier in the novel. (one code per order). Today the Maginot Line has become a metaphor for expensive efforts which offer only a false sense of security. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. She loses the job because Cholly shows up at her workplace drunk. But World War I worsened the problem. These anti-tank obstacles extended from end to end in front of the main works, over hundreds of kilometres, interrupted only by extremely dense forests, rivers, or other nearly impassable terrains. For the girls, the beauty of the homes likewise signifies their worth and the worth of the people who live in them. [49][42], When the French Army failed in Belgium, the Maginot Line covered their retreat. Renews March 8, 2023 Teachers and parents! 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